A NOTE ABOUT THE STUDY GUIDE: Be aware that although the study guide helps review concepts, it is not all inclusive and other items emphasized in class and the readings and NOT in the study guide may appear on the exam. The study guide is therefore a good place to BEGIN exam preparation.

GENERAL APPROACH

• Review the study guide and Chapters 9, 10, 11, 12, and 15. Lots of info is presented here!
• Study your notes and all the relevant chapters. Know the meaning of all words in the boxes, and italicized. There will be more DEFINITIONS on this second exam
• Think about what you have learned, talk about it in a study group.

• Chapter 15 What is the importance of the secretory hypothalamus? how does it interact does with the pituitary? What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous systems? when are they active? What transmitters are important in the ANS? What are the diffuse modulatory systems? (DMS). What behaviors are they associated with and where do they originate? How do LSD, cocaine, and amphetamines affect the nervous system? How do drugs to treat depression affect NE and serotonin? What are the catecholamines and what kinds of drugs affect their metabolism?

• List all the senses (and their respective sensory cells) discussed in class and in the text. For each sense (except chemical covered last exam)
• know the structure of all the sensory cells.
• be able to explain how each sensory cell senses and transduces its modality into a RECEPTOR POTENTIAL.
• Understand how they are routed to the CNS and what synapses are made with second order neurons if appropriate
• it may be useful to make a table contrasting sensory cell structure and transduction
• be able to delineate the pathways to the "higher" brain centers that routes each sense to its destination from the peripheral site of signal reception. be able to identify the different nuclei etc., where the tracts synapse with target cells in the CNS. again, a table or flow chart may be useful here.
• Know the cortical organization, if this was covered in class
• Know the meaning of all words in the boxes, and in bold. AND AT THE END OF THE CHAPTER.
• For each sense, what aspects of stimulus encoding provide evidence
• of parallel processing
• of organized mapping of stimuli
• of convergence
• Is neural space always a faithful representation of the sensory field? explain with examples.
• Chapter 12: know the different receptor subtypes responsible for encoding somatic sensation. contrast the Pacinian corpuscle with the Meissner corpuscle. what is the role of the capsule in Pacinian corpuscle function? why are proprioreceptors important? contrast warm and cold receptors. How are primary afferents classified? which afferents convey which sense? what are the ascending pathways for somatic sensation? how is facial somatic sensation conveyed to the brain? what is somatopy? what is the sensory homunculus? contrast pain and nociception. how is pain regulated? what is the role of endorphins in pain regulation?
• Chapter 11: understand the structure of the ear and the cochlea, and how their structure assists their function. understand the tonotopic organization of the cochlea and of the auditory cortex. how are frequency and stimulus intensity encoded? what are the subdivisions of the vestibular system? how do hair cells work? what are otolith organs? what is a macula? what are semicircular canals? crista? ampulla?
• Chapter 9: what are the main parts of the eye? how do lenses correct your vision? understand the structure of the retina and how its laminar organization assists its function. understand color vision. how does the concept of center-surround apply to bipolar cells? to ganglion cells? contrast M-type and P-type ganglion cells.
• Chapter 10: REVIEW CONCEPTS THROUGH APRIL 11 LECTURE. understand how the pathways encoding the right and left visual fields are mapped onto the LGN and striate cortex. where are pathways separate? where do they converge? how was radioactive labeling used to study these pathways? understand the retinotopicity of the LGN and the striate cortex. how are the LGN and striate cortex organized? why are the LCN and striate cortex also said to have a laminar organization?